17/07/2013
Eliana Dias e Lazuíta Goretti de Oliveira
Modalidade / Nível de Ensino | Componente Curricular | Tema |
---|---|---|
Ensino Médio | Língua Estrangeira | Competência comunicativa: componentes linguísticos, sociolinguísticos e pragmáticos |
Ensino Médio | Língua Estrangeira | Compreensão oral |
Ensino Médio | Língua Estrangeira | Compreensão leitora |
Ensino Médio | Língua Estrangeira | Produção escrita |
Ensino Médio | Língua Estrangeira | Competência pluricultural: língua como meio de acesso às manifestações culturais |
Ensino Médio | Língua Estrangeira | Produção oral |
Ensino Fundamental Final | Língua Estrangeira | Aspectos morfológicos, sintáticos e fonológicos |
- expressar ordem, dever, obrigação e proibição;
- formular sentenças expressando ordem, dever, obrigação e proibição;
Para essa aula, é necessário o aluno ter noções do presente simples dos verbos em inglês.
Atividade 1: Reading comprehension
Joshua: Uh-huh.
Randall: Now what kinds of things do you have to take to school?
Joshua: I have to take my taiso fuku, that is gym clothes, and I have to take my backpack and my books [ Oh, okay. ] and stuff like that.
Randall: Okay and what is the first thing you have to do when you get to school?
Joshua: We have to do "kiritsu, rei."
Randall: "Kiritsu" and "rei." Now what are those?
Joshua: It means "stand up, bow."
Randall: Stand up and bow.
Joshua: Uh-huh.
Randall: And what do you have to study at school?
Joshua: We have to study kokugo, that is writing and reading and stuff like that [ Okay ], and sansu, that's math. [ Okay. ]. And, let's see . . . , we have to do gym too.
Randall: Okay, and where do you eat lunch? Do you have to eat in the lunchroom or cafeteria?
Joshua: No, we have to eat in our classroom.
Randall: You eat in your classroom! [ Yeah. ]. Oh wow. That is very interesting. Now what time should you come home from school?
Joshua: We should come home sometimes at 3:00 and sometimes at 2:00.
Randall: Okay, well thank you very much Joshua.
Joshua: You're welcome.
Em seguida, faça as seguintes perguntas aos alunos sobre o diálogo:
a) Do que eles estão falando?
b) O que Joshua tem que levar à escola?
c) O que significa "kiritsu, rei."?
d) Onde Joshua tem que tomar lanche?
e) A que horas ele tem que ir para casa?
Atividade 2: Projete no datashow o seguinte texto, que contém informações sobre verbos que expressam obrigação, necessidade, proibição e conselho. Peça para que os alunos realizem a leitura, observando se há a participação de todos, criando um ambiente mais interativo.
We often use have to to say that something is obligatory, for example:
Note that we can use the have to expression in all tenses, for example:
I have to (present), I had to (past), I have had to (present perfect), I will have to (future)
Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb. The structure is:
subject + auxiliary verb + have + infinitive (with to)
Look at these examples in the simple tense:
subject |
auxiliary verb |
main verb have |
infinitive (with to) |
||
+ |
She |
has |
to work. |
|
|
- |
I |
do not |
have |
to see |
the doctor. |
? |
Did |
you |
have |
to go |
to school? |
In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:
In each of the above cases, the obligation is not the subject's opinion or idea. The obligation is imposed from outside.
We can use have to in all tenses, and also with modal auxiliaries. We conjugate it just like any other main verb. Here are some examples:
|
subject |
auxiliary verb |
main verb have |
infinitive |
|
past simple |
I |
|
had |
to work |
yesterday. |
present simple |
I |
|
have |
to work |
today. |
future simple |
I |
Will |
have |
to work |
tomorrow. |
present continuous |
She |
Is |
having |
to wait. |
|
present perfect |
We |
have |
had |
to change |
the time. |
modal (may) |
They |
May |
have |
to do |
it again. |
Adaptado do site: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals-have-to-must-not-1.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
We often use must to say that something is essential or necessary, for example:
Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure is:
subject + must + main verb
The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to").
Look at these examples:
subject |
auxiliary must |
main verb |
|
I |
must |
go |
home. |
You |
must |
visit |
us. |
We |
must |
stop |
now. |
Like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by to. So, we say:
In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples:
In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside.
It is sometimes possible to use must for real obligation, for example a rule or a law. But generally we use have to for this.
We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples:
We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past.
Fonte: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals-have-to-must-not-2.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
We use must not to say that something is not permitted or allowed, for example:
Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb. The structure for must not is:
subject + must not + main verb
The main verb is the base verb (infinitive without "to").
Must not is often contracted to mustn't.
Look at these examples:
subject |
auxiliary must + not |
main verb |
|
I |
mustn't |
forget |
my keys. |
You |
mustn't |
disturb |
him. |
Students |
must not |
be |
late. |
NB: like all auxiliary verbs, must CANNOT be followed by "to". So, we say:
Must not expresses prohibition - something that is not permitted, not allowed. The prohibition can be subjective (the speaker's opinion) or objective (a real law or rule). Look at these examples:
We can use must not to talk about the present or the future:
We cannot use must not to talk about the past. We use other structures to talk about the past, for example:
Fonte: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals-have-to-must-not-3.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
Should is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to:
subject + should + main verb
The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").
|
subject |
auxiliary verb |
main verb |
+ |
He |
should |
go. |
- |
He |
should not |
go. |
shouldn't |
|||
? |
Should |
he |
go? |
Notice that:
There is no short form for should. The negative should not can be shortened to shouldn't.
We often use should when offering advice or opinions (similar to ought to):
Fonte: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-should.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
Atividade 3: Professor, peça para que os alunos, em duplas, elaborem frases descrevendo algumas regras da sua escola. Ajude com o vocabulário, quando necessário. Mostre imagens que sugiram tais regras, como abaixo.
a) I have to eat at 10.
Fonte: http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1024&bih=600&q=eat+at+10&oq=eat+at+10&gs_l=img.3...1735.3765.0.4300.9.8.0.1.0.0.189.575.6j2.8.0...0.0.0..1ac.1.17.img.kcqPn5jzUp4 (acesso em 07.07.2013)
b) I have to wear a uniform.
c) I have to do homework everyday
d) I have to listen to the teacher.
e) I have to be quiet during the lessons.
f) I have to respect my teachers.
1) Imagine as seguintes situações e dê conselhos adequados usando should. Veja as sugestões da tabela e siga o exemplo:
I have a terrible headache. What should I do? You should take an aspirin.
call a doctor - take an aspirin - go to the hospital - take some medicine - go to the dentist - go on a diet - take some vitamins and stay in bed |
a) Peter has a terrible toothache. What should he do? ....................................................................
b) She has a stomachache. What should she do? .........................................................................
c) I have a terrible cold. What should I do? ......................................................................................
d) Carol is very fat. What should she do? ........................................................................................
e) John broke his arm this morning. What should he do? ..............................................................
f) The baby has an earache. What should his parents do? ..............................................................
Exercício adaptado do livro: Ferrari, Mariza Tiemann. (2003) Inglês: volume único para o ensino médio. São Paulo: Scipione.
2) Write rules for an official soccer match. Use must, must not or should and the words in parentheses. Then write two extra rules.
a) Players ................................................................................................ (touch the ball with their hands).
b) Players ................................................................................................. (wear a uniform).
c) Players ................................................................................................. (respect the referee).
d) Players ................................................................................................ (hit others players on purpose).
e) The ball ............................................................................................... (have the correct size and weight).
f) The field ............................................................................................... ( be rectangular).
g) .....................................Invent a rule.........................................................................
h) .................................... Invent a rule .......................................................................
Vocabulary help:
touch = tocar
referee=juiz
field = campo de futebol
Exercício adaptado do livro: Chimim, Renata. (2013) Ilearn English 4. 1 ed. São Paulo: Pearson Education do Brasil.
3) These are some Brazilian rules. Complete them with the verbs that indicate prohibition, obligation or necessity. Then match each sentence with a picture.
a) You ...................................................... (be) 18 to drive a car. Picture: ......................
b) You ..................................................... (smoke) in public places. Picture: .....................
c) You ..................................................... (vote) if you are 18. Picture: ......................
d) You .................................................... (drink) before driving. Picture: ......................
e) You .................................................. (hunt) endagered animals Picture: ....................
f) You .................................................. (pay) taxes for the government. Picture: ....................
Exercício adaptado do livro: Chimim, Renata. (2013) Ilearn English 4. 1 ed. São Paulo: Pearson Education do Brasil
Atividade 5: Choose one of the places from the box below. Then make a poster (virtual or impressed) about the rules that must be followed there. Use photos or pictures in your poster.
gym - beach - public library - museum - taxi |
Professor, ao acessar os links abaixo, você terá mais teorias e atividades interessantes para enriquecer suas aulas:
Games online:
http://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/grammar/jumbled-present-have-to-1.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/grammar/jumbled-other.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://www.englishclub.com/esl-games/grammar/jumbled-present-should-advice-1.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
Teoria:
http://www.brasilescola.com/ingles/modal-verbs.htm (acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://www.infoescola.com/ingles/modal-verbs/; (acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs/Gram%C3%A1tica/Verbos/Verbos_modais (acessos em 04.07.2013)
Slides:
http://www.slideshare.net/BobDantas/modal-auxiliary-verbs-should-ought-must (acesso em 04.07.2013)
Exercises:
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6845 (acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modal-should-quiz.htm(acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals-have-to-must-not-quiz.htm(acesso em 06.07.2013)
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-obligation-exercise-1.html( acesso em 07.07.2013)
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